Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which
large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (∼ 10–50 km) are …

Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Successive cold winters of severely low temperatures in recent years have had critical social
and economic impacts on the mid-latitude continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Although …

A powerful influence on the weather that we experience on the ground can be exerted by the
stratosphere. This highly stratified layer of Earth's atmosphere is found 10 to 50 kilometres …

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have driven and
will continue to drive widespread climate change at the Earth's surface. But surface climate …

Local and remote impacts of seasonal snow cover on atmospheric circulation have been
explored extensively, with observational and modelling efforts focusing on how Eurasian …

The importance of stratospheric ozone depletion on the atmospheric circulation of the
troposphere is studied with an atmospheric general circulation model, the Community …

Abstract El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest natural interannual climate
signal in the tropics; oscillations between warm El Niño and cold La Niña phases occur …

In the past several decades, the tropospheric westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere
have been observed to accelerate on the poleward side of the surface wind maximum. This …