Mechanical properties of extracellular matrices (ECMs) regulate essential cell behaviours,
including differentiation, migration and proliferation, through mechanotransduction. Studies …

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems are widely used for biological
studies, and are the basis of the organoid, tissue engineering and organ-on-chip research …

Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water. Many biological hydrogels in animal
bodies such as muscles, heart valves, cartilages, and tendons possess extreme mechanical …

Cells' local mechanical environment can be as important in guiding cellular responses as
many well-characterized biochemical cues. Hydrogels that mimic the native extracellular …

Substantial research over the past two decades has established that extracellular matrix
(ECM) elasticity, or stiffness, affects fundamental cellular processes, including spreading …

Owing to their unique chemical and physical properties, hydrogels are attracting increasing
attention in both basic and translational biomedical studies. Although the classical hydrogels …

In situ tissue regeneration harnesses the body's regenerative potential to control cell
functions for tissue repair. The design of biomaterials for in situ tissue engineering requires …

Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult
organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune …

Biomolecular and physical cues of the extracellular matrix environment regulate collective
cell dynamics and tissue patterning. Nonetheless, how the viscoelastic properties of the …

Abstract 3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by
computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner …