In the history of science and technology, researchers have always undertaken endeavors to
enhance the degree of “directness of measurement”. With “directness of measurement”, we …

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focused on the development of novel
atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods. From first being an unstable method, AFM …

Understanding heat dissipation processes at nanoscale during cellular thermogenesis is
essential to clarify the relationships between the heat and biological processes in cells and …

Highlights•HS-AFM detects conformational changes of unlabeled membrane proteins.•In situ
responses to pH, ligands, temperature and light can be visualized.•Developments in …

Visualization of morphological dynamics of live cells with nanometer resolution under
physiological conditions is highly desired, but challenging. It has been demonstrated that …

Oligomeric assembly is a common feature of membrane proteins and often relevant to their
physiological functions. Determining the stoichiometry and the oligomeric state of membrane …

Structural biology is currently undergoing a transformation into dynamic structural biology,
which reveals the dynamic structure of proteins during their functional activity to better …

Optogenetics, the use of microbial rhodopsins to make the electrical activity of targeted
neurons controllable by light, has swept through neuroscience, enabling thousands of …

Highlights•I describe the unique features of high-speed AFM imaging.•I outline recent high-
speed AFM imaging of proteins and cells.•I review what types of dynamic molecular events …

Microbial cells have developed sophisticated multicomponent structures and machineries to
govern basic cellular processes, such as chromosome segregation, gene expression, cell …