Antimicrobial resistance is an old and silent pandemic. Resistant organisms emerge in
parallel with new antibiotics, leading to a major global public health crisis over time …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Biofilms are surface-attached groups of microbial cells encased in an extracellular matrix
that are significantly less susceptible to antimicrobial agents than non-adherent, planktonic …

Efflux pumps are widely implicated in antibiotic resistance because they can extrude the
majority of clinically relevant antibiotics from within cells to the extracellular environment …

A biofilm is a group of microorganisms, that causes health problems for the patients with
indwelling medical devices via attachment of cells to the surface matrix. It increases the …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Antibiotic resistance is a relevant topic nowadays, representing one of the main causes of
infection-related mortality and morbidity at a global level. This phenomenon is worrisome …

Biofilm-related infections are resistant forms of pathogens that are regarded as a medical
problem, particularly due to the spread of multiple drug resistance. One of the factors …

The formation of microbial biofilms is an important reason for failure of antimicrobial therapy.
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the survival of biofilm cells are still not …

Biofilms are complex microbial associations anchored to abiotic or biotic surfaces,
embedded in extracellular matrix produced by the biofilms themselves where they interact …