A paradigm shift in the understanding of the exhausted CD8+ T cell (Tex) lineage is
underway. Originally thought to be a uniform population that progressively loses effector …

Melanoma, a skin cancer associated with high mortality rates, is highly radio-and
chemotherapy resistant but can also be very immunogenic. These circumstances have led to …

PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune
responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors …

Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death 1: Programmed Cell Death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1: PD-
L1) pathway, a central regulator of T cell exhaustion, have been recently shown to be …

The emergence of immuno-oncology as the first broadly successful strategy for metastatic
cancer will require clinicians to integrate this new pillar of medicine with chemotherapy …

Angiogenesis inhibitors such as lenvatinib and sorafenib, and an immune checkpoint
inhibitor (ICI), nivolumab, are used for anticancer therapies against advanced hepatocellular …

Tumors constitute highly suppressive microenvironments in which infiltrating T cells are"
exhausted" by inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. Here we identify TIGIT as a coinhibitory …

CD8+ T cells are important for the protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and
tumor. In the case of chronic infection or cancer, CD8+ T cells are exposed to persistent …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Tremelimumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory co-receptor that interferes with T …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …