A network of interactions is called modular if it is subdivided into relatively autonomous,
internally highly connected components. Modularity has emerged as a rallying point for …

Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Homology—a similar trait shared by different species and derived from common ancestry,
such as a seal's fin and a bird's wing—is one of the most fundamental yet challenging …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Organisms represent a complex arrangement of anatomical structures and individuated
parts that must maintain functional associations through development. This integration of …

The relationship between morphometrics and phylogenetic analysis has long been
controversial. Here we propose an approach that is based on map** morphometric traits …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …

Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, thereby providing the
field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long …