Recently there has been a growing concern in various industries about the carbon footprint
of materials due to environmental concerns and the need to adopt renewable materials. In …

Lignin is the second most abundant renewable natural polymer that occurs on Earth, and as
such, it should be widely utilised by industries in a variety of applications. However, these …

Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer derived from plant cell walls, has emerged as a
promising feedstock for sustainable material development. Due to the high abundance of …

Lignin, an abundant and renewable resource, is increasingly important for renewable
energy and sustainable development. Recent attention has focused on producing value …

In the last few years, a serious effort has been initiated to develop standard methods for
lignin characterization at the national and international levels. Thus, several Canadian and …

Lignins, naturally occurring aromatic polymers with phenylpropane units, are promising bio-
based alternatives for petroleum-based products. Resole-type phenol formaldehyde (PF) …

Black liquor is a complex aqueous by-product from the paper and pulp industry comprising
lignin residues and inorganic chemicals such as NaOH and Na2S. Valorization of black …

Lignin has many potential applications and is a biopolymer with a three-dimensional
network structure. It is composed of three phenylpropane units, p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl …

Due to the abundance of oil palm waste in Thailand, PKS, being rich in lignin content, is a
promising source of lignin while the cellulose rich in OPMF which suitable substitute for …

Chromite fines must be agglomerated before being smelted in submerged arc furnaces to
prevent disruptions and damage to equipment. Bentonite is the most commonly used binder …