What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and interleukin 34 (IL34) signal via the CSF1 receptor to
regulate macrophage differentiation. Studies in IL34-or CSF1-deficient mice have revealed …

The present paradigm dictates that phagocytosis is accomplished mainly by'professional'
phagocytes (such as macrophages and monocytes), whereas B cells lack phagocytic …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane
receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …

During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery
of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal …

The advent of flow cytometry-based applications has significantly impacted the study of
cellular apoptosis. Propidium iodide (PI) is a commonly used viability stain in these studies …

Neutrophils are one of the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation and are central cells
of innate immunity of vertebrates. Upon activation, neutrophils are capable of producing an …