This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Review of the normally occurring neuronal patterns of the hippocampus suggests that the
two principal cell types of the hippocampus, the pyramidal neurons and granule cells, are …

Mood, motivation, attention, and arousal are behavioral states having a profound impact on
cognition. Behavioral states are mediated though the peripheral nervous system and …

Freund, Tamás F., István Katona, and Daniele Piomelli. Role of Endogenous Cannabinoids
in Synaptic Signaling. Physiol Rev 83: 1017–1066, 2003; 10.1152/physrev. 00004.2003 …

Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in
the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate …

The effects of stress on learning and memory are not always clear: both facilitating and
impairing influences are described in the literature. Here we propose a unifying theory …

Physiologists have been aware of the excitatory action of L-glutamate on vertebrate CNS
neurons for over 30 years, yet characterization of the mechanism of action of excitatory …

A novel property of hippocampal LTP,variable persistence', has recently been described that
is, we argue, relevant to the role of LTP in information storage. Specifically, new results …

In the awake brain, information about the external world reaches the hippocampus via the
entorhinal cortex, whereas during sleep the direction of information flow is reversed …