Genotype networks are sets of genotypes connected by small mutational changes that share
the same phenotype. They facilitate evolutionary innovation by enabling the exploration of …

Developmental system drift (DSD) occurs when the genetic basis for homologous traits
diverges over time despite conservation of the phenotype. In this Review, we examine the …

Epistasis is caused by genetic interactions among mutations that affect fitness. To
characterize properties and potential mechanisms of epistasis, we engineered eight double …

A major challenge in evolutionary biology is explaining how populations navigate rugged
fitness landscapes without getting trapped on local optima. One idea illustrated by adaptive …

Much of the striking diversity of life on Earth has arisen from variations in the way that the
same molecules and networks operate during development to shape and pattern tissues …

A complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences bacterial growth.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for insights into complex living systems. This …

Regulation of transcription is a fundamental process that allows bacteria to respond to
external stimuli with appropriate timing and magnitude of response. In the soil bacterium …

Gene duplication drives evolution by providing raw material for proteins with novel functions.
The oldest and historically most influential hypothesis about the evolutionary fate and …

Cellular fitness depends on multiple phenotypes that must be balanced during evolutionary
adaptation. For instance, coordinating growth and motility is critical for microbial colonization …

The tempo and mode of adaptation depends on the availability of beneficial alleles. Genetic
interactions arising from gene networks can restrict this availability. However, the extent to …