Conserving bees are critical both ecologically and economically. Genetic tools are valuable
for monitoring these vital pollinators since tracking these small, fast‐flying insects by …

Background Parasitoid wasps have fascinating life cycles and play an important role in
trophic networks, yet little is known about their genome content and function. Parasitoids that …

Complementary sex determination (CSD) is a widespread sex determination mechanism in
haplodiploid Hymenoptera. Under CSD, sex is determined by the allelic state of one or …

Organisms that reproduce sexually have evolved well-organized mechanisms to determine
two sexes. Some hymenopterans (such as ants, bees, and wasps) have a complementary …

Introduction: Trichogramma wasps are egg parasitoids of agricultural lepidopteran pests.
The sex of Trichogramma is determined by its ploidy as well as certain sex ratio distorters …

The huge and diverse family Braconidae is described and various specific morphological
terms used in their description are illustrated. A simplified identification key to most of the …

Safe, effective biological-control introductions against invasive pests depend on narrowly
host-specific natural enemies with the ability to adapt to a changing environment. As part of …

The several hundreds of species of bdelloid rotifers are notorious because they represent an
ancient clade comprising only asexual lineages. Moreover, most bdelloid species have the …

Insect hosts and parasitoids are engaged in an intense struggle of antagonistic coevolution.
Infection with heritable bacterial endosymbionts can substantially increase the resistance of …

Sex determination is a developmental switch that triggers sex-specific developmental
programs. This switch is' flipped'by the expression of genes that promote male-or female …