Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in
tissues—prominently in muscle, fat and liver—is one of the earliest manifestations of a …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic disease characterized by hyperglycemia,
hyperlipidemia, and organismic insulin resistance. This pathological shift in both circulating …

Biological energy transduction underlies all physiological phenomena in cells. The
metabolic systems that support energy transduction have been of great interest due to their …

Once considered exclusively the cell's powerhouse, mitochondria are now recognized to
perform multiple essential functions beyond energy production, impacting most areas of cell …

Aging is a complex phenomenon and its impact is becoming more relevant due to the rising
life expectancy and because aging itself is the basis for the development of age-related …

Metabolic pathways involved in lactate metabolism are important to understand the
physiological response to exercise and the pathogenesis of prevalent diseases such as …

The majority of human energy metabolism occurs in skeletal muscle mitochondria
emphasizing the importance of understanding the regulation of myocellular mitochondrial …

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder associated with chronic complications
including a state of mild to moderate cognitive impairment, in particular psychomotor slowing …

Mitochondria are critical for respiration in all tissues; however, in liver, these organelles also
accommodate high-capacity anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways that are essential to …