Cloning of multiple opioid receptors has presented opportunities to investigate the
mechanisms of multiple opioid receptor signaling and the regulation of these signals. The …

The endogenous opioid system consists of three opioid peptide precursor genes encoding
enkephalins (preproenkephalin, Penk), dynorphins (preprodynorphin, Pdyn) and β …

Opioid receptors of the μ-, δ-and κ-subtypes mediate the potent analgesic and addictive
actions of opioid drugs. They also regulate responses to pain, stress and emotions when …

In this review we attempt to link the efficiency by which animals behave (economy of animal
behaviour) to a neuronal substrate and subjective states to arrive at a definition of animal …

It is now clear that opioid receptors participate in the function of the cells of the immune
system, and evidence suggests that opioids modulate both innate and acquired immune …

Gene targeting was used to delete exon 2 of mouse DOR-1, which encodes the δ opioid
receptor. Essentially all 3H-[D-Pen 2, D-Pen 5] enkephalin (3 H-DPDPE) and 3H-[D-Ala 2, D …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are involved in directly and indirectly controlling an
extraordinary variety of physiological functions. Their key roles in cellular communication …

Disruption of the κ‐opioid receptor gene in mice enhances sensitivity to chemical visceral pain,
impairs pharmacological actions of the selective κ‐agonist U‐50,488H and attenuates morphine …

Positive social interactions are essential for emotional well-being and proper behavioral
development of young individuals. Here, we studied the neural underpinnings of social …

The μ opioid receptor gene (MOR) was mutated in mice by a gene targeting procedure. In
these MOR-knockout mice, the analgesic effects of morphine, its major metabolites …