Photosynthesis is central to life on Earth, employing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
produce chemical energy and oxygen. It is generally accepted that boosting its efficiency …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out photosynthesis, produce various
metabolites, and sense changes in the external environment. Given their endosymbiotic …

The timing of flowering is tightly controlled by signals that integrate environmental and
endogenous cues. Sugars produced by carbon fixation in the chloroplast are a crucial …

Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival.
Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene …

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and
degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of …

During development or under stress, chloroplasts generate signals that regulate the
expression of a large number of nuclear genes, a process called retrograde signaling …

Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism
in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role …

Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis produces metabolites that are essential for critical reactions in
photosynthetic organisms, including chlorophylls, heme, siroheme, phytochromobilins, and …