Bacteria have to cope with oxidative stress caused by distinct Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS), derived not only from normal aerobic metabolism but also from oxidants present in …

Metal ions are essential for many reactions, but excess metals can be toxic. In bacteria,
metal limitation activates pathways that are involved in the import and mobilization of metals …

The regulatory mechanisms by which hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) modulates the activity of
transcription factors in bacteria (OxyR and PerR), lower eukaryotes (Yap1, Maf1, Hsf1 and …

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes.
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with …

In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) was one of the first metal
cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble …

Iron is essential to virtually all organisms, but poses problems of toxicity and poor solubility.
Bacteria have evolved various mechanisms to counter the problems imposed by their iron …

Iron is one of the major limiting factors and essential nutrients of microbial life. Since in
nature it is not readily available in the preferred form, microorganisms produce small high …

Much has been learnt about oxidative stress from studies of Escherichia coli. Key regulators
of the adaptive responses in this organism are the SoxRS and OxyR transcription factors …

Convincing concepts of redox control of gene transcription have been worked out for
prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, whereas the knowledge on complex mammalian systems …

The appearance of oxygen on earth led to two major problems: the production of potentially
deleterious reactive oxygen species and a drastic decrease in iron availability. In addition …