Sex differences are present for all of the phases of drug abuse (initiation, escalation of use,
addiction, and relapse following abstinence). While there are some differences among …

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

This article reviews evidence for sex differences in vulnerability to addiction with an
emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Sex differences in the …

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a key role in neuropsychiatric illness.
Sex differences in dopaminergic signaling have been acknowledged for decades and have …

Human and animal research indicates the presence of sex differences in drug abuse. These
data suggest that females, compared to males, are more vulnerable to key phases of the …

Background Studies using continuous-access drug self-administration showed that cocaine
seeking increases during abstinence (incubation of cocaine craving). Recently, studies …

Although the correlation between experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) and
substance use among women has been well-established, there is no consensus on whether …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during
early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now …