The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Work over the past 2 decades has led to substantial changes in our understanding of
dystonia pathophysiology. Three general abnormalities appear to underlie the …

Dystonia is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal involuntary movements or
postures owing to sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Dystonia can be the …

Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) are part of the wide spectrum of
functional neurological disorders, which together account for over 16% of patients referred to …

Functional movement disorders (FMDs), known over time as “hysteria”,“dissociative”,“
conversion”,“somatoform”,“non-organic” and “psychogenic” disorders, are characterized by …

N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors.
NMDARs are tetramers composed by several homologous subunits of GluN1-, GluN2-, or …

Much is known regarding the physical characteristics, comorbid symptoms, psychological
makeup, and neuropsychological performance of patients with functional neurological …

Jean-Martin Charcot proposed the radical hypothesis that similar brain processes were
responsible for the unexplained neurological symptoms of 'hysteria', now typically …

Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) has come to prominence as a potential therapeutic
intervention for the treatment of brain injury/disease, and as an experimental method with …

Surround inhibition is a physiological mechanism to focus neuronal activity in the central
nervous system. This so-called center-surround organization is well known in sensory …