Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro‐autotrophs) play critical ecological
roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open‐water ecosystems, their response to ocean …

C4 photosynthesis is a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications that concentrate
CO2 around the carboxylating enzyme Rubisco, thereby increasing photosynthetic efficiency …

We describe the general background and the recent advances in research on underwater
photosynthesis of leaf segments, whole communities, and plant dominated aquatic …

Aquatic macrophytes are aquatic photosynthetic organisms, large enough to see with the
naked eye, that actively grow permanently or periodically submerged below, floating on, or …

Hydropeaking refers to frequent, rapid and short‐term fluctuations in water flow and water
levels downstream and upstream of hydropower stations. Such fluctuations are becoming …

Minimum energy (as photon) costs are predicted for core reactions of photosynthesis, for
photorespiratory metabolism in algae lacking CO 2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) and …

Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) catalyse the accumulation of CO2
around rubisco in all cyanobacteria, most algae and aquatic plants and in C4 and …

Amphibious plants can grow and survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This
review explores the diverse adaptations that enable them to thrive in such contrasting …

Background Flooding causes substantial stress for terrestrial plants, particularly if the
floodwater completely submerges the shoot. The main problems during submergence are …

Approximately 40% of a plant's dry mass consists of carbon, fixed in photosynthesis. This
process is vital for growth and survival of virtually all plants during the major part of their …