Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …

One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for
centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is …

Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary exploration of
the natural origins and early evolution of this famous plant, highlighting its historic role in the …

Our hominin ancestors inevitably encountered and likely ingested psychedelic mushrooms
throughout their evolutionary history. This assertion is supported by current understanding …

Plant defense compounds occur in floral nectar, but their ecological role is not well
understood. We provide evidence that plant compounds pharmacologically alter pollinator …

Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will
they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is …

Shamanism has been traditionally conceptualized in terms of supernatural relations with the
spirit world. The relationship of the cross-cultural featuress of shamanism and its ritual …

Addiction poses significant social, health, and criminal issues. Its moderate heritability and
early-life impact, affecting reproductive success, poses an evolutionary paradox: why are …

There is particular interest in understanding socioeconomic and ethnic variability in health
status. The developmental origins of disease hypothesis emphasize the importance of …

This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of
psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of psychedelic set and setting …