Expectation and prediction constitute central mechanisms in the perception and cognition of
music, which have been explored in theoretical and empirical accounts. We review the …

Listening to music often evokes intense emotions [1, 2]. Recent research suggests that
musical pleasure comes from positive reward prediction errors, which arise when what is …

Statistical learning (SL) is a method of learning based on the transitional probabilities
embedded in sequential phenomena such as music and language. It has been considered …

Hierarchical structure with nested nonlocal dependencies is a key feature of human
language and can be identified theoretically in most pieces of tonal music. However …

Following in a psychological and musicological tradition beginning with Leonard Meyer, and
continuing through David Huron, we present a functional, cognitive account of the …

Implicit learning is a core process for the acquisition of a complex, rule‐based environment
from mere interaction, such as motor action, skill acquisition, or language. A body of …

We present the results of a study testing the often-theorized role of musical expectations in
inducing listeners' emotions in a live flute concert experiment with 50 participants. Using an …

The Implication-Realization (IR) theory (Narmour, 1990) posits two cognitive systems
involved in the generation of melodic expectations: The first consists of a limited number of …

The ability to anticipate forthcoming events has clear evolutionary advantages, and
predictive successes or failures often entail significant psychological and physiological …

Markov chains are a well known tool to model temporal properties of many phenomena,
from text structure to fluctuations in economics. Because they are easy to generate …