The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

The skin, as the primary interface between the body and the environment, provides the first
line of defence against a broad array of microbial pathogens and trauma. In addition to its …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of innate and acquired immunity. The maturation of
DCs is directed by signal transduction events downstream of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and …

Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma,
autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections …

Regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) control inflammatory reactions to commensal bacteria and
opportunist pathogens. Activation of Treg functions during these processes might be …

Synthetic oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates are increasingly used as probes for
biological research and as lead compounds for drug and vaccine discovery. These …

Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the
apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed …

This review considers the pathogenesis, scope, and treatment of autoimmune polyendocrine
syndromes. Although some of the component disorders such as thyroid autoimmunity and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and have an essential role in the
induction of immune responses,,. TLRs can directly induce innate host defence responses …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. The exact pathophysiology
of this disease remains incompletely understood and safe and effective therapies are …