The worldwide status of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) as a zoonosis remains of great concern.
This article reviews the main risk factors for bTB in cattle based on a three-level …

Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In
tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis share> 99% genetic identity and induce similar
host responses and disease profiles upon infection. There is a rich history of codiscovery in …

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes acute inflammatory diarrhea in humans.
Flagella contribute to intestinal inflammation, but the mechanism remains unclear since most …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in mediating the immune response against
various microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, in innate and adaptive …

Background Bovine tuberculosis is a significant veterinary and financial problem in many
parts of the world. Although many factors influence infection and progression of the disease …

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a major endemic
disease affecting cattle populations worldwide, despite the implementation of stringent …

The adaptive immune system is not completely developed when chickens hatch, so the
innate immune system has evolved a range of mechanisms to deal with early pathogenic …

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease
(paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease in cattle with important welfare, economic and …

Background Today, when more than 60% of animal diseases are zoonotic, understanding
their origin and development and identifying protective immune responses in ruminants are …