Long COVID is the patient-coined term for the disease entity whereby persistent symptoms
ensue in a significant proportion of those who have had COVID-19, whether asymptomatic …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Considerable research effort has been made worldwide to decipher the immune response
triggered upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, continues to cause substantial morbidity …

Autoreactive B cells and interferons are central players in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) pathogenesis. The partial success of drugs targeting these pathways, however …

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, novel and traditional vaccine strategies have been
deployed globally. We investigated whether antibodies stimulated by mRNA vaccination …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus
that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes …

Two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we have gained many insights into the
human antibody response to the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this Review, we …