It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

Cancers are not composed merely of cancer cells alone; instead, they are complex
'ecosystems' comprising many different cell types and noncellular factors. The tumour stroma …

Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a
variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or …

Increasing lines of evidence show that the malignant behavior of cancer is not exclusively
attributable to cancer cells but also radically influenced by cancerous stroma activity and …

Mitochondria are indispensable for energy metabolism, apoptosis regulation, and cell
signaling. Mitochondria in malignant cells differ structurally and functionally from those in …

Background Breast cancer (BC), the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths,
remains a significant threat to the health and wellness of women worldwide. The tumor …

Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which
MCT1–4 facilitate the passive transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and …

Caveolae are submicroscopic, plasma membrane pits that are abundant in many
mammalian cell types. The past few years have seen a quantum leap in our understanding …

abstract Glucose is a key metabolite used by cancer cells to generate ATP, maintain redox
state and create biomass. Glucose can be catabolized to lactate in the cytoplasm, which is …

Tumors are like new organs and are made of multiple cell types and components. The tumor
competes with the normal microenvironment to overcome antitumorigenic pressures. Before …