Normal maintenance of human motivation depends on the integrity of subcortical structures
that link the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system. Structural and functional disruption of …

Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a
fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans …

The roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in motor control are much debated. Many influential
hypotheses have grown from studies in which output signals of the BG were not blocked, but …

Apathy is both a symptom and syndrome prevalent in neurodegenerative disease, including
motor system disorders, that affects motivation to display goal directed functions. Levy and …

Apathy is increasingly recognised as a common behavioural syndrome in psychiatric
disorders, but it is conceptually ill defined. The aim of this study was to examine the concept …

The basal forebrain functional-anatomical macrosystems, ventral striatopallidum, and
extended amygdala are innervated by substantially coextensive distributions of neurons in …

All actions, even the simplest like moving an arm to grasp a pen, are associated with energy
costs. Thus all mobile organisms possess the ability to evaluate resources and select those …

Bilateral basal ganglia lesions have been reported to induce a particular form of apathy,
termed auto-activation deficit (AAD), principally defined as a loss of self-driven behaviour …

Objective: We will review the available evidence on the frequency, clinical correlates,
mechanism, and treatment of apathy following stroke. Methods: We have explored relevant …

We conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐patient (N= 1) trial to
evaluate the efficacy of zolpidem in a 48‐year‐old woman with an akinetic mutism. Motor …