Inspired by physically adaptive, agile, reconfigurable and multifunctional soft-bodied
animals and human muscles, soft actuators have been developed for a variety of …

In conventional classification, soft robots feature mechanical compliance as the main
distinguishing factor from traditional robots made of rigid materials. Recent advances in …

Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water. Many biological hydrogels in animal
bodies such as muscles, heart valves, cartilages, and tendons possess extreme mechanical …

Advances in robotic technology have been adopted in various subspecialties of both open
and minimally invasive surgery, offering benefits such as enhanced surgical precision and …

Small-scale soft continuum robots capable of active steering and navigation in a remotely
controllable manner hold great promise in diverse areas, particularly in medical …

Natural organisms offer abundant inspiration for designing and fabricating hydrogel robots
with autonomous and intelligent behaviors, including motion, perception, and response to …

From a functional standpoint, classic robots are not at all similar to biological systems. If
compared with rigid robots, animals' bodies look overly redundant, imprecise, and weak …

Medical microrobotics is an emerging field that aims at non-invasive diagnosis and therapy
inside the human body through miniaturized sensors and actuators. Such microrobots can …

Magnetic miniature soft robots have shown great potential for facilitating biomedical
applications by minimizing invasiveness and possible physical damage. However …

Magnetoactive soft materials (MSMs) are soft polymeric composites filled with magnetic
particles that are an emerging class of smart and multifunctional materials with immense …