Purpose To present the pathophysiology, biology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and
current treatment options for lumbar disc herniation. Methods A thorough literature search …

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a normal part of aging. Due to the spine's
declining function and the development of pain, it may affect one's physical health, mental …

Continuous monitoring of spinal and joint motions in patients allows surgeons to optimize
patient rehabilitation. However, the current monitoring approaches are achieved via tethered …

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LDH) is a common
disease that causes low back pain, radiating leg pain, and sensory impairment. Preclinical …

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Objectives: We performed this meta-
analysis to evaluate whether endoscopic discectomy (ED) shows superiority compared with …

Intervertebral disc pathology is a common disorder that can be caused by genetic,
mechanical, and behavioral factors; however, it is possible to slow its progression. Although …

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition made up of a variety of anatomic
and clinical subtypes. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of low back pain and most spinal
disorders. As IVD degeneration is a major obstacle to the healthy life of so many individuals …

Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is among the most common causes of lower
back pain and sciatica. The causes of LDH have not been fully elucidated but most likely …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of lumbar disc herniations. Review the proper steps in the
evaluation of lumbar disc herniations. Outline the management options available for lumbar …