In the modern world, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death for both men and
women. Epidemiologic studies consistently have suggested an association between low …

Small fetuses are defined as those with an ultrasound estimated weight below a threshold,
most commonly the 10th centile. The first clinically relevant step is the distinction of 'true'fetal …

Fetal growth restriction can result from a variety of maternal, fetal, and placental conditions. It
occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality …

Pregestational (PGDM) and gestational (GDM) diabetes may be associated with a variety of
fetal effects including increased rate of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death …

Exposure to high concentrations of crude oil produces a lethal syndrome of heart failure in
fish embryos. Mortality is caused by cardiotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) …

Particular paths of fetal growth are now known to predict a range of disorders in adult life.
This is thought to reflect fetal programming, the phenomenon whereby nutrition and other …

Background: Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is one of the most common noxious antenatal
conditions in humans, inducing a substantial proportion of preterm delivery and leading to a …

In fetal cardiology, imaging (especially echocardiography) has demonstrated to help in the
diagnosis and monitoring of fetuses with a compromised cardiovascular system potentially …

Fetal hypoxia is a common complication of pregnancy. It has been shown to programme
cardiac and endothelial dysfunction in the offspring in adult life. However, the mechanisms …

Objective: The terms early-and late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) are commonly used
to distinguish two phenotypes characterized by differences in onset, fetoplacental Doppler …