Chloroplast translation is essential for cellular viability and plant development. Its positioning
at the intersection of organellar RNA and protein metabolism makes it a unique point for the …

Even though light is the source of energy for photosynthesis, it can also be harmful to plants.
Light-induced damage is targetted mainly to Photosystem II and leads to inactivation of …

Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment–protein complex
responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently …

Codon usage and tRNA abundance are critical parameters for gene synthesis. However, the
forces determining codon usage bias within genomes and between organisms, as well as …

Chlorophyll is bound to proteins of the photosynthetic membranes. It harvests sunlight and
carries out the first reactions in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, which is …

Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) occurs when the rate of photodamage to PSII
exceeds the rate of the repair of photodamaged PSII. Recent examination of photoinhibition …

Oxygenic photosynthesis produces various radicals and active oxygen species with harmful
effects on photosystem II (PSII). Such photodamage occurs at all light intensities. Damaged …

Chloroplasts and their nonphotosynthetic relatives in the plastid organelle family evolved
from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont (for review, see Timmis et al., 2004). The subsequent …

Electrostatic potentials along the ribosomal exit tunnel are nonuniform and negative. The
significance of electrostatics in the tunnel remains relatively uninvestigated, yet they are …

The Photosystem (PS) II of cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants is prone to light-
induced inactivation, the D1 protein being the primary target of such damage. As a …