Biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters are rapidly colonized by microorganisms.
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous …

Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

Signal transduction systems in bacteria and archaea link environmental stimuli to specific
adaptive cellular responses. They control gene expression, motility, biofilm formation …

The similarity in the three-dimensional structures of homologous proteins imposes strong
constraints on their sequence variability. It has long been suggested that the resulting …

Transcription initiation is the crucial focal point of gene expression in prokaryotes. The key
players in this process, sigma factors (σs), associate with the catalytic core RNA polymerase …

To exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a
variety of external signals. A primary means by which this occurs is through two-component …

Chemotaxis enables microorganisms to move according to chemical gradients. Although
this process requires substantial cellular energy, it also affords key physiological benefits …

Research on how bacteria adapt to changing environments underlies the contemporary
biological understanding of signal transduction (ST), and ST provides the foundation of the …

Bacteria and archaea employ dedicated signal transduction systems that modulate gene
expression, second-messenger turnover, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, motility, host …

Intercellular signaling is indispensable for single cells to form complex biological structures,
such as biofilms, tissues and organs. The genetic tools available for engineering …