In heart failure, alterations of Na+ and Ca2+ handling, energetic deficit, and oxidative stress
in cardiac myocytes are important pathophysiological hallmarks. Mitochondria are central to …

Optimal cardiac function depends on proper timing of excitation and contraction in various
regions of the heart, as well as on appropriate heart rate. This is accomplished via …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, and one
important source for ROS are mitochondria. Emission of ROS from mitochondria is the net …

Synchronized SR calcium (Ca) release is critical to normal cardiac myocyte excitation-
contraction coupling, and ideally this release shuts off completely between heartbeats …

Abnormal release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via the cardiac ryanodine receptor
(RyR2) may contribute to contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis in heart failure (HF) …

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2)/calcium release channel on the sarcoplasmic
reticulum is required for muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Using site-directed …

Recent studies have demonstrated that transgenic (TG) expression of either
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) or CaMKIIδB, both of which …

Rationale: Although research suggests that diastolic Ca2+ levels might be increased in atrial
fibrillation (AF), this hypothesis has never been tested. Diastolic Ca2+ leak from the …

In heart failure (HF), Ca 2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) expression is increased. Altered
Na+ channel gating is linked to and may promote ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) in HF …

Understanding relationships between heart failure and arrhythmias, important causes of
suffering and sudden death, remains an unmet goal for biomedical researchers and …