Abiotic stresses are the major environmental factors that play a significant role in decreasing
plant yield and production potential by influencing physiological, biochemical, and …

Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among
which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce …

Drought stress, which causes a decline in quality and quantity of crop yields, has become
more accentuated these days due to climatic change. Serious measures need to be taken to …

Potassium, mostly as a cation (K+), together with calcium (Ca2+) are the most abundant
inorganic chemicals in plant cellular media, but they are rarely discussed. K+ is not a …

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants
under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many …

Oxidative stress is common in plants growing under extreme environments, such as water
shortage, salinity, heavy metals, and temperature extremes. To overcome oxidative stress …

The plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) plays an extremely important role in plant growth
and adaptive stress, including but are not limited to seed germination, stomatal closure …

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting the use of land for agriculture
because it limits the growth and development of most crop plants. Improving productivity …

Low temperature is a critical environmental stress factor that restricts crop growth and
geographical distribution, significantly impacting crop quality and yield. When plants are …

Plants' resistance to stress factors is a complex trait that is a result of changes at the
molecular, metabolic, and physiological levels. The plant resistance strategy means the …