Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Mass coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia between 2016 and 2024
was driven by high sea surface temperatures (SST). The likelihood of temperature-induced …

El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

Reproducible climate reconstructions of the Common Era (1 CE to present) are key to
placing industrial-era warming into the context of natural climatic variability. Here we present …

The evolution of industrial-era warming across the continents and oceans provides a context
for future climate change and is important for determining climate sensitivity and the …

A changing climate can lead to changes in the frequency, intensity or duration of an extreme
event, or result in an 3 unprecedented, previously unobserved, extreme. As well, a weather …

There is large uncertainty about the magnitude of warming and how rainfall patterns will
change in response to any given scenario of future changes in atmospheric composition and …

The atmosphere and ocean are two of the most important components of the climate system,
and fluid dynamics is central to our understanding of both. This book provides a unified and …