The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has been implicated in a variety of social,
cognitive, and affective functions that are commonly disrupted in mental illness. In this …

Fear and anxiety play a central role in mammalian life, and there is considerable interest in
clarifying their nature, identifying their biological underpinnings, and determining their …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a center of integration for limbic information
and valence monitoring. The BNST, sometimes referred to as the extended amygdala, is …

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders and are often chronic and
disabling. Although exposure-based treatments are effective, a substantial number of …

Emotions are one of the most apparent and important aspects of our lives, yet have
remained one of the most enigmatic to explain scienti cally. On the one hand, nothing seems …

Naturalistic observations show that decisions to avoid or escape predators occur at different
spatiotemporal scales and that they are supported by different computations and neural …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has a near-ubiquitous presence in the
neuroscience of cognitive control. It has been implicated in a diversity of functions, from …

Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the …