▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

Here we consider how extreme events, particularly climatic and biotic, affect the physiology,
development, ecology and evolution of organisms, focusing on plants. The marked effects …

Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed the tail, is common in lizards as a response to attempted
predation. Since Arnold's substantial review of caudal autotomy as a defence in reptiles 20 …

The life histories of organisms can show pronounced variation in the way that the costs of
reproduction are financed. To facilitate discussions of this variation, two terms are increasing …

Energy storage is an important component of life-history variation. Some organisms ("
income breeders") fuel reproductive expenditure by simultaneous feeding, whereas others (" …

Summary 1 Although life‐history theory predicts substantial costs of reproduction,
individuals often show positive correlations among life‐history traits, rather than trade‐offs …

Although it is axiomatic that males and females differ in relation to many aspects of
reproduction related to physiology, morphology and behaviour, relatively little is known …

Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative
consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty …

Feeding rates influence reproductive output in many kinds of animals, but we need to
understand the timescale of this influence before we can compare reproductive energy …

The number of times an organism reproduces (ie, its mode of parity) is a fundamental life‐
history character, and evolutionary and ecological models that compare the relative …