Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have
been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self …

Active matter extracts energy from its surroundings at the single particle level and transforms
it into mechanical work. Examples include cytoskeleton biopolymers and bacterial …

Various types of structures self-organised by animals exist in nature, such as bird flocks and
insect swarms, which stem from the local communications of vast numbers of limited …

Bacteria are among the oldest and most abundant species on Earth. Bacteria successfully
colonize diverse habitats and play a significant role in the oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen …

How a single bacterium becomes a colony of many thousand cells is important in
biomedicine and food safety. Much is known about the molecular and genetic bases of this …

Most spindle-shaped cells (including smooth muscles and sarcomas) organize in vivo into
well-aligned 'nematic'domains,,, creating intrinsic topological defects that may be used to …

A landmark of turbulence is the emergence of universal scaling laws, such as Kolmogorov's
E (q)~ q− 5∕ 3 scaling of the kinetic energy spectrum of inertial turbulence with the …

Active matter comprises individual units that convert energy into mechanical motion. In many
examples, such as bacterial systems and biofilament assays, constituent units are elongated …

Active systems, from bacterial suspensions to cellular monolayers, are continuously driven
out of equilibrium by local injection of energy from their constituent elements and exhibit …

Active fluids exhibit complex turbulentlike flows at low Reynolds number. Recent work
predicted that 2D active nematic turbulence follows scaling laws with universal exponents …