Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Fluctuations in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as wearing‐off and on–off
effects, and dyskinesias are related to a variety of factors, including duration and dosage of …

Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that causes involuntary,
repetitive body movements and is commonly seen in patients who are on long-term …

The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) has been one of the most extensively investigated gene
in neuropsychiatric disorders. After the first association of the TaqI A DRD2 minor (A1) allele …

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease have been controlled with levodopa for many years;
however, motor complications consisting of wearing off of medication effect and dyskinesias …

Levodopa is the most effective drug for treating Parkinson's disease. However, long-term
use of levodopa is often complicated by significantly disabling fluctuations and dyskinesias …

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) belong to the most common dose-limiting adverse
effects of levodopa therapy.“Peak-dose” LID occur with the maximum effect of …

Background Several factors, both clinical and genetic, may account for the risk of develo**
levodopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesias (PDD) in patients with Parkinson disease, but it is …

Despite clinical experience with levodopa for more than three decades, the role of this agent
in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been well defined. Clearly the most …

Motor complications are a consequence of the chronic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD)
and include motor fluctuations (wearing-off phenomenon) and levodopa-induced …