Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea …

Quantitative genetic studies (ie, twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences
contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social
communication deficits and other behavioral abnormalities. The three-chamber social …

Much of the current understanding about the pathogenesis of altered mood, impaired
concentration and neurovegetative symptoms in major depression has come from animal …

Dopamine (DA) is the most abundant catecholamine in the brain. The involvement and
importance of DA as a neurotransmitter in the regulation of different physiological functions …

Animal temperament can be defined as a response to environmental or social stimuli. There
are a number of temperament traits in cattle that contribute to their welfare, including their …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Dopamine has effects on the mammalian heart. These effects can include an increase in the
force of contraction, and an elevation of the beating rate and the constriction of coronary …

The dopaminergic system plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system via its five
diverse receptors (D1–D5). Dysfunction of dopaminergic system is implicated in many …

Abstract The United States National Institute of Mental Health has recently promoted the
Research Domain Criteria framework, which emphasizes the study of neurocognitive …