Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid malignancies worldwide.
A large proportion of patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced stages and are only …

Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has
resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)—the most common form of liver cancer—is an aggressive
malignancy with few effective treatment options. Lenvatinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement
in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and …

Despite the success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment, therapy-induced resistance
remains a major obstacle to a complete cure. Tumor cells evade treatments and relapse via …

Combination therapies are superior to monotherapy for many cancers. This advantage was
historically ascribed to the ability of combinations to address tumor heterogeneity, but …

The success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment has been impeded by various
mechanisms of resistance. Besides the acquisition of resistance-conferring genetic …

Genetic alterations in signaling pathways that control cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and
cell growth are common hallmarks of cancer, but the extent, mechanisms, and co …

Multicellular organisms are composed of diverse cell types that must coordinate their
behaviors through communication. Cell–cell communication (CCC) is essential for growth …