Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several treatments are available for
cancer treatment, but many treatment methods are ineffective against multidrug-resistant …

Immunotherapy that can activate immunity or enhance the immunogenicity of tumors has
emerged as one of the most effective methods for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, single …

As an essential innate immune population for maintaining body homeostasis and warding
off foreign pathogens, macrophages display high plasticity and perform diverse supportive …

Over the past millennia, life expectancy has drastically increased. While a mere 25 years
during Bronze and Iron ages, life expectancy in many European countries and in Japan is …

Nanoscale photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an appealing antitumor modality for which
apoptosis is the major mechanism of toxicity induction. It was postulated that the highly …

The immune system deploys a multitude of innate and adaptive mechanisms not only to
ward off pathogens but also to prevent malignant transformation (“immune surveillance”) …

Tumors develop multiple mechanisms of immune evasion as they progress, with some
cancer types being inherently better at 'hiding'than others. With an increased understanding …

Paraptosis is characterized by the extensive vacuolization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
and mitochondria, which will cause the release of damage-associated molecular patterns to …

Mammalian DNA topoisomerases II are targets of anticancer anthracyclines that act by
stabilizing enzyme-DNA complexes wherein DNA strands are cut and covalently linked to …

Chemotherapy has been a conventional paradigm for cancer treatment, and multifarious
chemotherapeutic drugs have been widely employed for decades with significant …