Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however,
assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations …

Humans are continuing to add vast amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere
through fossil fuel burning and other activities. A large fraction of the CO2 is taken up by the …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) is one of the most established
ecosystem models for the lower trophic levels of the marine food web in the scientific …

The accumulation of inorganic carbon from seawater by eukaryotic marine phytoplankton is
limited by the diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) in water and the dehydration kinetics of …

Ocean acidification from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is simulated for the industrial
period and IPCC SRES emission scenarios A2 and B1 with a global coupled carbon cycle …

MEDUSA-1.0 (Model of Ecosystem Dynamics, nutrient Utilisation, Sequestration and
Acidification) was developed as an" intermediate complexity" plankton ecosystem model to …

Four strains of the coccolithophore E. huxleyi (RCC1212, RCC1216, RCC1238, RCC1256)
were grown in dilute batch culture at four CO 2 levels ranging from~ 200 μatm to~ 1200 …

Multimillennial simulations with a fully coupled climate–carbon cycle model are examined to
assess the persistence of the climatic impacts of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. It is found …

Throughout Earth's history, the oceans have played a dominant role in the climate system
through the storage and transport of heat and the exchange of water and climate-relevant …