Schizophrenia is frequently a chronic and disabling disorder, characterized by
heterogeneous positive and negative symptom constellations. The objective of this review …

The NMDA-R hypofunction model of schizophrenia started with the clinical observation of
the precipitation of psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia exposed to PCP or …

Abstract Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), the persistence of positive symptoms
despite≥ 2 trials of adequate dose and duration of antipsychotic medication with …

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with poor functional outcome and place
a substantial burden on people with this disorder, their families, and health-care systems …

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which often appear earlier than any other
symptom, are prominent and clinically relevant in the majority of patients. As a result, interest …

The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that
coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a …

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP),
dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia …

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects almost 1% of the population worldwide.
Even though the etiology of schizophrenia is uncertain, it is believed to be a …

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. Disturbances in
glutamate-mediated neurotransmission have been increasingly documented in a range of …

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine and throughout the development of the new-
generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) beginning with clozapine, the D 2 receptor has been …