Basal or standard metabolic rate reflects the minimum amount of energy required to
maintain body processes, while the maximum metabolic rate sets the ceiling for aerobic …

Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behavior are a widespread phenomenon in
animals, but the proximate reasons for them are unresolved. We discuss evidence for the …

We evaluate the extent to which physiological tolerances and capacities can be considered
as factors that impact the geographic range of animals. We also discuss the importance of …

Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing
aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent …

Poleward winters commonly expose animals, including fish, to frigid temperatures and low
food availability. Fishes that remain active over winter must therefore balance trade-offs …

Gut bacteria that produce urease, the enzyme hydrolysing urea, contribute to nitrogen
balance in diverse vertebrates, although the presence of this system of urea-nitrogen …

Background Fat storage is required for the life cycle of many organisms. The primary fat
depot for most vertebrates is white adipose tissue. However, in primitive vertebrates (eg …

Introduction Changes in temperature can fundamentally transform how species interact,
causing wholesale shifts in ecosystem dynamics and stability. Yet we still have a limited …

Many animals lower their metabolic rate in response to low temperatures and scarcity of
food in the winter in phenomena called hibernation or overwintering. Living at high altitude …

Organismal behavior, with its tremendous complexity and diversity, is generated by
numerous physiological systems acting in coordination. Understanding how these systems …