The skeletal system is the basis of the vertebral body composition, which affords stabilization
sites for muscle attachment, protects vital organs, stores mineral ions, supplies places to the …

Few investigators think of bone as an endocrine gland, even after the discovery that
osteocytes produce circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 that targets the kidney and …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular
components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process …

Bone remodeling is a tightly controlled mechanism in which osteoblasts (OB), the cells
responsible for bone formation, osteoclasts (OC), the cells specialized for bone resorption …

Osteoporosis associated with long-term glucocorticoid therapy remains a common and
serious bone disease. Additionally, in recent years it has become clear that more subtle …

Glucocorticoid (GC) is one of the most prescribed medicines to treat various inflammatory
and autoimmune diseases. However, high doses and long-term use of GCs lead to multiple …

Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the
preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some …

Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs), one of the most effective treatments for chronic inflammatory
and autoimmune conditions in children, have adverse effects on the growing skeleton. GCs …

Cartilage and bone are severely affected by glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that
are frequently used to treat inflammatory diseases. Major complications associated with long …

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process by which cytoplasmic components are
sequestered in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a major …