Ethnopharmacological relevance The use of herbal medicines for prophylaxis, prevention,
and treatment of various ailments is rising throughout the world because they are thought to …

Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have
diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases …

Despite being a major global health concern, cerebral ischemia/stroke has limited
therapeutic options. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only available medication to …

Ischemic strokes occur when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced
due to arterial blockage, and it often leads to damage to brain cells or death. According to a …

Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous
system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine responsible
for the modulation of the immune system. TNF-α plays a critical role in almost every type of …

Cellular aging is the most severe risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Simultaneously,
oxidative stress (OS) is a critical factor in the aging process, resulting from an imbalance …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter that mediates the activation and inhibition of
inflammatory cascades. Even though physiological NO is required for defense against …

Cerebral ischemia, as an ischemic stroke-like disease, has become a health problem of
global concern. Studies have found that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and …

Ischemia is a common pathological condition present in many neurodegenerative diseases,
including ischemic stroke, retinal vascular occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma …