Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in
space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate …

Macrophages are very important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The
increase in the number of sublining macrophages in the synovium is an early hallmark of …

Infiltration by immune cells is a hallmark of most forms of malignancy. In this context, tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) represent key regulators of the complex interplay between …

Monocytes and macrophages provide defence against pathogens and danger signals.
These cells respond to stimulation in a fast and stimulus-specific manner by utilizing …

Cells engaging in inflammation undergo drastic changes of their transcriptomes. In order to
tailor these alterations in gene expression to the requirements of the inflammatory process …

TLRs are expressed on the plasma and endosomal membranes of innate immune cells
acting as sensors of foreign and inherent danger signals that threaten the host. Upon …

Macrophages and microglia play crucial roles during central nervous system development,
homeostasis and acute events such as infection or injury. The diverse functions of tissue …

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of homologous proteins that regulate the
transcription of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-induced gene expression. As such they are …

The depletion of eosinophils represents an efficient strategy to alleviate allergic asthma, but
the consequences of prolonged eosinophil deficiency for human health remain poorly …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount
importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most …