Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix,
where they interact with a plethora of ligands. Over the last decade, new insights have …

Target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two conserved, structurally distinct kinase complexes
termed TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. Each complex phosphorylates a different set …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in cellular growth and
metabolism. mTOR forms two distinct protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Much is …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR, controls cell metabolism in response to growth
signals and stress stimuli. The cellular functions of mTOR are mediated by two distinct …

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) couples signaling from growth factor receptors with
intracellular nutrient-sensing pathways, and thereby is critically involved in the control of …

Syndecan-4, a ubiquitous cell surface proteoglycan, mediates numerous cellular processes
through signaling pathways that affect cellular proliferation, migration, mechanotransduction …

Research on TOR has grown exponentially during the last decade, generating a complex
model of the TOR signaling network. Rapamycin treatment provides a simple and …

Ser/Thr protein kinase PKB/Akt is a key regulator of a wide range of cellular processes
including growth, proliferation and survival. PKB is clearly a crucial signaling molecule and …

Sphingolipids are essential components of cell membranes, and many of them regulate vital
cell functions. In particular, ceramide plays crucial roles in cell signaling processes. Two …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses diverse signals to
regulate cell growth and metabolism. It has become increasingly clear that mTORC1 activity …