Influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of the host cell. This uncommon RNA virus trait
provides influenza with the advantage of access to the nuclear machinery during replication …

Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular
stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and …

Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER
associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The …

Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential cell function. To safeguard
this process in the face of environmental threats and internal stressors, cells mount an …

The unfolded protein response (UPR) has traditionally been viewed as an adaptive
response triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum …

Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate
and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress (OS) are often related states in cells
as part of normal physiology but more frequently manifested in the pathophysiology of many …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes severe infectious disease in poultry and selectively
kills tumor cells, by inducing apoptosis and cytokines secretion. In this report, we study the …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a general term for representing the pathway by which
various stimuli affect ER functions. ER stress induces the evolutionarily conserved signaling …

Influenza viruses are major human pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases affecting
millions of people worldwide and characterized by high morbidity and significant mortality …