This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical
dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and …

The dystonias are defined by excessive muscular contraction producing involuntary
abnormal movements. 1 The clinical appearance of abnormal movements in the dystonias …

Objective Isolated focal dystonia can spread to muscles beyond the initially affected body
region, but risk of spread has not been evaluated in a prospective manner. Furthermore …

Background Depression and anxiety frequently accompany the motor manifestations of
isolated adult-onset focal dystonias. Whether the body region affected when this type of …

The physiological landscape of dystonia has changed considerably over the past 10 years.
Initial ideas that dystonic motor symptoms could be explained by a combination of loss of …

Background The dystonias are phenotypically and etiologically heterogenous disorders.
Many proposals and a consensus recommendation have been provided for the diagnosis …

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle
contractions causing abnormal postures, repetitive movements, or both. Research in …

Introduction Cervical dystonia (CD) causes involuntary movements and postures of the
head, neck, and shoulders, as well as nonmotor symptoms including pain, mood, and sleep …

In isolated, sporadic dystonia, it has been occasionally reported that some patients might
undergo symptom remission. However, the exact clinical characteristics of patients with …

Objective To determine whether different phenotypes of cervical dystonia (CD) express
different types and levels of somatosensory impairment. Methods We assessed …