The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein
homeostasis, or “proteostasis”. The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-
binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition …

The mammalian NLR gene family was first reported over 20 years ago, although several
genes that were later grouped into the family were already known at that time. Although it is …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complex inflammatory gut pathological
condition, examples of which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) …

Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that play a major role in sensing inflammatory
signals and triggering the innate immune response. Each inflammasome complex has three …

The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of
25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1, 25 (OH) 2D, the ligand for the …

Lysozyme is a cornerstone of innate immunity. The canonical mechanism for bacterial killing
by lysozyme occurs through the hydrolysis of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG). Conventional …

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is a group of pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) known to mediate the initial innate immune response to cellular injury and stress …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing–remitting systemic disease of the
gastrointestinal tract, characterized by an inflammatory process that requires lifelong …

The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …